Thermal waving and curling are also known as what?

The terms "thermal waving" and "curling" refer specifically to styles created using a heated tool, and they are most commonly associated with Marcel waving. This technique was developed by hairstylist Marcel Grateau in the late 19th century and relies on heating the hair with a curling iron to create waves and curls. The Marcel waving method produces defined, S-shaped curls and waves known for their elegance and long-lasting hold.

Understanding this historical context helps clarify why Marcel waving is the correct answer, as it directly relates to the specific thermal techniques used in hairstyling. Other options, like flat waving, spiral curling, and steam curling, refer to different methods or styles and do not encompass the same foundational technique associated with Marcel.